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- Different methods for behavioral observations (focal animal, scan and ad libitum sampling; continuous and instantaneous recording)
- Radio-tracking
- ArcView-based home-range analyses
- Long-term demographic monitoring
- Enzyme immunoassays (androgens, estrogens, gestagens, glucocorticoids)
- Microsatellite analyses of nuclear DNA and paternity analyses
- Botanical identification with herbarium specimen
- Standard morphometric measurements
- Chemical analyses of plant nutritional and secondary composition
- Transect based measures of plant abundance
- individual-based modeling
- comparative methods
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