% pubman genre = article @article{item_3232305, title = {{Chimpanzee ethnography reveals unexpected cultural diversity}}, author = {Boesch, Christophe and Kalan, Ammie K. and Mundry, Roger and Arandjelovic, Mimi and Pika, Simone and Dieguez, Paula and Ayimisin, Ayuk Emmanuel and Barciela, Amanda and Coupland, Charlotte and Egbe, Villard Ebot and Eno-Nku, Manasseh and Michael Fay, J. and Fine, David and Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar, R. and Hermans, Veerle and Kadam, Parag and Kambi, Mohamed and Llana, Manuel and Maretti, Giovanna and Morgan, David and Murai, Mizuki and Neil, Emily and Nicholl, Sonia and Ormsby, Lucy Jayne and Orume, Robinson and Pacheco, Liliana and Piel, Alex and Sanz, Crickette and Sciaky, Lilah and Stewart, Fiona A. and Tagg, Nikki and Wessling, Erin G. and Willie, Jacob and K{\"u}hl, Hjalmar S.}, language = {eng}, issn = {2397-3374}, doi = {10.1038/s41562-020-0890-1}, publisher = {Nature}, year = {2020}, date = {2020}, abstract = {{Human ethnographic knowledge covers hundreds of societies, whereas chimpanzee ethnography encompasses at most 15 communities. Using termite fishing as a window into the richness of chimpanzee cultural diversity, we address a potential sampling bias with 39 additional communities across Africa. Previously, termite fishing was known from eight locations with two distinguishable techniques observed in only two communities. Here, we add nine termite-fishing communities not studied before, revealing 38 different technical elements, as well as community-specific combinations of three to seven elements. Thirty of those were not ecologically constrained, permitting the investigation of chimpanzee termite-fishing culture. The number and combination of elements shared among individuals were more similar within communities than between them, thus supporting community-majority conformity via social imitation. The variation in community-specific combinations of elements parallels cultural diversity in human greeting norms or chopstick etiquette. We suggest that termite fishing in wild chimpanzees shows some elements of cumulative cultural diversity.}}, journal = {{Nature Human Behaviour}}, }