% pubman genre = article
@article{item_3259044,
title = {{Effect of shared information and owner behavior on showing in dogs (Canis familiaris)}},
author = {Henschel, Melanie and Winters, James and M{\"u}ller, Thomas F. and Br{\"a}uer, Juliane},
language = {eng},
issn = {1435-9448},
doi = {10.1007/s10071-020-01409-9},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Berlin},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-05},
abstract = {{Dogs{\textquoteright} production of referential communicative signals, i.e., showing, has gained increasing scientific interest over the last years. In this paper, we investigate whether shared information about the present and the past affects success and form of dog{\textendash}human interactions. Second, in the context of showing, owners have always been treated as passive receivers of the dog{\textquoteright}s signals. Therefore, we examined whether the owner{\textquoteright}s behavior can influence the success and form of their dog{\textquoteright}s showing behavior. To address these questions, we employed a hidden-object task with knowledgeable dogs and na{\"\i}ve owners. Shared information about the present was varied via the spatial set-up, i.e., position of hiding places, within dog{\textendash}owner pairs, with two conditions requiring either high or low precision in indicating the target location. Order of conditions varied between pairs, representing differences in shared knowledge about the past (communication history). Results do not support an effect of communication history on either success or showing effort. In contrast, the spatial set-up was found to affect success and choice of showing strategies. However, dogs did not adjust their showing effort according to different spatial set-ups. Our results suggest that the latter could be due to the owner{\textquoteright}s influence. Owner behavior generally increased the effort of their dog{\textquoteright}s showing behavior which was stronger in the set-up requiring low showing precision. Moreover, our results suggest that owners could influence their dog{\textquoteright}s showing accuracy (and thereby success) which, however, tended to be obstructive.}},
contents = {Introduction Showing Shared information and the principle of least effort The present study Materials and methods subjects materials and set-up prodedure; pretest test design behavioral coding statistical analysis) Results overall success distribution of showing types effect of correct showing, condition and time on success effect of condition and time on showing effort correlation between showing accuracy and seconds effect of owner behavior on correct showing effect of owner behavior on showing effort) Discussion Communication about the hidden object{\textquoteright}s location Sensitivity to spatial set{-}up and communication history The principle of least effort and the owner{\textquoteright}s influence on it Limitations and implications for future research},
journal = {{Animal Cognition}},
volume = {23},
pages = {1019--1034},
}