% pubman genre = article @article{item_3509311, title = {{Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not reduced activity expenditure}}, author = {Speakman, John R. and de Jong, Jasper M. A. and Sinha, Srishti and Westerterp, Klaas R. and Yamada, Yosuke and Sagayama, Hiroyuki and Ainslie, Philip N. and Anderson, Liam J. and Arab, Lenore and Bedu-Addo, Kweku and Blanc, Stephane and Bonomi, Alberto G. and Bovet, Pascal and Brage, Soren and Buchowski, Maciej S. and Butte, Nancy F. and Camps, Stefan G.J.A. and Cooper, Jamie A. and Cooper, Richard and Das, Sai Krupa and Davies, Peter S. W. and Dugas, Lara R. and Ekelund, Ulf and Entringer, Sonja and Forrester, Terrence and Fudge, Barry W. and Gillingham, Melanie and Ghosh, Santu and Goris, Annelies H. and Gurven, Michael and Halsey, Lewis G. and Hambly, Catherine and Haisma, Hinke H. and Hoffman, Daniel and Hu, Sumei and Joosen, Annemiek M. and Kaplan, Jennifer L. and Katzmarzyk, Peter and Kraus, William E. and Kushner, Robert F. and Leonard, William R. and L{\"o}f, Marie and Martin, Corby K. and Matsiko, Eric and Medin, Anine C. and Meijer, Erwin P. and Neuhouser, Marian L. and Nicklas, Theresa A. and Ojiambo, Robert M. and Pietil{\"a}inen, Kirsi H. and Plange-Rhule, Jacob and Plasqui, Guy and Prentice, Ross L. and Racette, Susan B. and Raichlen, David A. and Ravussin, Eric and Redman, Leanne M. and Roberts, Susan B. and Rudolph, Michael C. and Sardinha, Luis B. and Schuit, Albertine J. and Silva, Analiza M. and Stice, Eric and Urlacher, Samuel S. and Valenti, Giulio and Van Etten, Ludo M. and Van Mil, Edgar A. and Wood, Brian M. and Yanovski, Jack A. and Yoshida, Tsukasa and Zhang, Xueying and Murphy-Alford, Alexia J. and Loechl, Cornelia U. and Kurpad, Anura and Luke, Amy H. and Pontzer, Herman and Rodeheffer, Matthew S. and Rood, Jennifer and Schoeller, Dale A. and Wong, William W.}, language = {eng}, issn = {2522-5812}, doi = {10.1038/s42255-023-00782-2}, year = {2023}, abstract = {{Obesity is caused by a prolonged positive energy balance1,2. Whether reduced energy expenditure stemming from reduced activity levels contributes is debated3,4. Here we show that in both sexes, total energy expenditure (TEE) adjusted for body composition and age declined since the late 1980s, while adjusted activity energy expenditure increased over time. We use the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labelled Water database on energy expenditure of adults in the United States and Europe (n {\textequals} 4,799) to explore patterns in total (TEE: n {\textequals} 4,799), basal (BEE: n {\textequals} 1,432) and physical activity energy expenditure (n {\textequals} 1,432) over time. In males, adjusted BEE decreased significantly, but in females this did not reach significance. A larger dataset of basal metabolic rate (equivalent to BEE) measurements of 9,912 adults across 163 studies spanning 100 years replicates the decline in BEE in both sexes. We conclude that increasing obesity in the United States/Europe has probably not been fuelled by reduced physical activity leading to lowered TEE. We identify here a decline in adjusted BEE as a previously unrecognized factor}}, journal = {{Nature Metabolism}}, volume = {5}, pages = {579--588}, }