% pubman genre = article
@article{item_3594640,
title = {{Gender and cultural differences in the development of reciprocity in young children.}},
author = {Benozio, Avi and House, Bailey R. and Tomasello, Michael},
language = {eng},
issn = {1939-0599; 0012-1649},
doi = {10.1037/dev0001734},
year = {2024},
abstract = {{A foundational mechanism underlying human cooperation is reciprocity. In the context of repeated interactions with others, it is not always clear the degree to which in-kind responses reflect responsiveness to partners{\textquoteright} prior behaviors ({\textquotedblleft}reactive{\textquotedblright} responses), an interest unrelated to the partner ({\textquotedblleft}nonreactive{\textquotedblright} responses), or any combination of the two. To disentangle these two types of responses, we presented children with sequential, one-shot, and costly interactions between themselves and either egalitarian or selfish peers. Study 1 tested direct, generalized, and normative reciprocal scenarios (N {\textequals} 144 seven-year-old German children; 50{\textpercent} girls and 50{\textpercent} boys), finding that {\textquotedblleft}nonreactive{\textquotedblright} responses were dominant for boys and manifested in the form of {\textquotedblleft}selfish{\textquotedblright} resource distribution. Among girls, {\textquotedblleft}reactive{\textquotedblright} responses were dominant and manifested in the form of in-kind resource distribution. Study 2 addressed even younger German children (N {\textequals} 144; 4- to 8-year-old German children; 50{\textpercent} girls and 50{\textpercent} boys), exposing the same phenomenon among 4-year-olds, but not among 5.5-year-olds. Study 3 addressed 7-year-old Israeli children (N {\textequals} 95; 49{\textpercent} girls and 51{\textpercent} boys), and replicated the basic phenomenon, with an additional cultural variation. The early emergence of gender differences in reciprocity and implications are discussed in cultural, sociodevelopmental, and evolutionary accounts. {\copyright} 2024 American Psychological Association}},
journal = {{Developmental Psychology}},
volume = {60},
pages = {1082--1096},
}