%0 Journal Article
%A Gatiso, Tsegaye T.
%A Kulik, Lars
%A Bachmann, Mona Estrella
%A Bonn, Aletta
%A Bösch, Lukas
%A Eirdosh, Dustin
%A Freytag, Andreas
%A Hanisch, Susan
%A Heurich, Marco
%A Sop, Tenekwetche
%A Wesche, Karsten
%A Winter, Marten
%A Kühl, Hjalmar S.
%+ Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Society
Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Society
Great Ape Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Society
The Leipzig School of Human Origins (IMPRS), Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Society
Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Society
The Leipzig School of Human Origins (IMPRS), Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Society
Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Society
Great Ape Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Society
Great Ape Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Society
%T Effectiveness of protected areas influenced by socio-economic context  : 
%G eng
%U https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-000A-DB88-6
%R 10.1038/s41893-022-00932-6
%7 2022-08-15
%D 2022
%8 15.08.2022
%* Review method: peer-reviewed
%X Protected area (PA) performance is thought to depend on effective conservation management and favourable socio-economic <br>context. However, increasing evidence of continued biodiversity decline within PAs raises the question of whether fundamental <br>ecological and socio-economic constraints might actually affect PA effectiveness. Here we quantify how threats to biodiversity, <br>socio-economic context and conservation efforts play out across 114 PAs in 25 European and African countries. We found that <br>even in the presence of highly favourable socio-economic context and conservation efforts, it is not possible to completely <br>offset the intensity of threats and prevent biodiversity decline. Projections show that halting biodiversity decline across the <br>studied PA network may require at least a 35% increase in conservation efforts over a decade. However, as PAs approach <br>zero biodiversity loss, even greater efforts and resources would be needed because of the principle of diminishing marginal <br>returns. Our findings point to limited effectiveness of PAs and their management that might not be possible to address by sim-<br>ply increasing resources. Additionally, the adoption of core design principles of sustainable systems that take into account the <br>social–ecological contexts of PAs could help overcome the observed hurdles of limited effectiveness and thus better integrate <br>PAs into sustainable development efforts.
%K  Conservation biology; Environmental impact
 Sustainability
%J Nature Sustainability
%V 5
%& 861
%P 861 - 868
%@ 2398-9629