%0 Journal Article
%A Tomasello, Michael
%+ Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Society
%T Differences in the social motivations and emotions of humans and other great apes : 
%G eng
%U https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-000D-FD6D-D
%R 10.1007/s12110-023-09464-0
%7 2023-11-16
%D 2023
%* Review method: peer-reviewed
%X Humans share with other mammals and primates many social motivations and emotions, but they are also much more cooperative than even their closest primate relatives. Here I review recent comparative experiments and analyses that illustrate humans’ species-typical social motivations and emotions for cooperation in comparison with those of other great apes. These may be classified most generally as (i) ‘you > me’ (e.g., prosocial sympathy, informative and pedagogical motives in communication); (ii) ‘you = me’ (e.g., feelings of mutual respect, fairness, resentment); (iii) ‘we > me’ (e.g., feelings of obligation and guilt); and (iv) ‘WE (in the group) > me’ (e.g., in-group loyalty and conformity to norms, shame, and many in-group biases). The existence of these species-typical and species-universal motivations and emotions provides compelling evidence for the importance of cooperative activities in the human species.
%K motivations, emotions, human evolution, cooperation, culture

%J Human Nature
%V 34
%& 588
%P 588 - 604
%I Springer Nature
%@ 1936-4776